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linux

 The most basic operation a download manager needs to perform is to download a file from a URL. Here’s how you would use wget to download a file:

 
# wget http://www.google.com/index.html
 
wget
 

 1) Login as root user

2) Open /etc/inittab file using vi text editor or gedit GUI text editor

# vi /etc/inittab

 

3) Replace runlevel 3 to 5:
From:

id:3:initdefault:

To:

id:5:initdefault:

 


4) Save the changes.

 

[root@]# more /etc/inittab

#

# inittab       This file describes how the INIT process should set up

#               the system in a certain run-level.

#

# Author:       Miquel van Smoorenburg,

#               Modified for RHS Linux by Marc Ewing and Donnie Barnes

#

 

# Default runlevel. The runlevels used by RHS are:

#   0 - halt (Do NOT set initdefault to this)

#   1 - Single user mode

#   2 - Multiuser, without NFS (The same as 3, if you do not have networking)

#   3 - Full multiuser mode

#   4 - unused

#   5 - X11

#   6 - reboot (Do NOT set initdefault to this)

id:3:initdefault:

 

# System initialization.

si::sysinit:/etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit

 

l0:0:wait:/etc/rc.d/rc 0

l1:1:wait:/etc/rc.d/rc 1

l2:2:wait:/etc/rc.d/rc 2

l3:3:wait:/etc/rc.d/rc 3

l4:4:wait:/etc/rc.d/rc 4

l5:5:wait:/etc/rc.d/rc 5

l6:6:wait:/etc/rc.d/rc 6

 

# Trap CTRL-ALT-DELETE

ca::ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t3 -r now

 

# When our UPS tells us power has failed, assume we have a few minutes

# of power left.  Schedule a shutdown for 2 minutes from now.

# This does, of course, assume you have powerd installed and your

# UPS connected and working correctly.  

pf::powerfail:/sbin/shutdown -f -h +2 "Power Failure; System Shutting Down"

 

# If power was restored before the shutdown kicked in, cancel it.

pr:12345:powerokwait:/sbin/shutdown -c "Power Restored; Shutdown Cancelled"

 

 

# Run gettys in standard runlevels

1:2345:respawn:/sbin/mingetty tty1

2:2345:respawn:/sbin/mingetty tty2

3:2345:respawn:/sbin/mingetty tty3

4:2345:respawn:/sbin/mingetty tty4

5:2345:respawn:/sbin/mingetty tty5

6:2345:respawn:/sbin/mingetty tty6

 

# Run xdm in runlevel 5

x:5:respawn:/etc/X11/prefdm -nodaemon

 

 

 cat /proc/cpuinfo

to get centOS unix version

cat /etc/redhat-release 

 

 

 Usage: /usr/bin/groups [OPTION]... [USERNAME]...

 
  --help      display this help and exit
  --version   output version information and exit
 
Same as id -Gn.  If no USERNAME, use current process.
 
Report bugs to .
[root@]# groups apache
apache : apache
 
* /var/log/message: General message and system related stuff
* /var/log/auth.log: Authenication logs
* /var/log/kern.log: Kernel logs
* /var/log/cron.log: Crond logs (cron job)
* /var/log/maillog: Mail server logs
* /var/log/qmail/ : Qmail log directory (more files inside this directory)
* /var/log/httpd/: Apache access and error logs directory
* /var/log/lighttpd: Lighttpd access and error logs directory
* /var/log/boot.log : System boot log
* /var/log/mysqld.log: MySQL database server log file
* /var/log/secure: Authentication log
* /var/log/utmp or /var/log/wtmp : Login records file
* /var/log/yum.log: Yum log files


View common log file /var/log/messages using any one of the following command:

# tail -f /var/log/messages
# less /var/log/messages
# more -f /var/log/messages
# vi /var/log/messages
 

by ggarron

 There are some situations when you need to start a second X session on your computer.

If you are running KDE the solution is quite simple, just go to

K->Leave->Switch User

and if you are not using KDE, the solution is still easy :),

Hit ALT+CTRL+F2

and log in the new terminal window, now run inside it.

More read:http://www.go2linux.org/start%20second%20X%20session%20xinit%20startx

 

 

 type in: 

#last

or

#cd /var/log 

#cat secure* | grep Accepted > login.txt 

The * is to read from the backup logs also omit if you don't want to see those 

this will show all successful logins 

you can also use sshd in place of Accepted to show all attempts and Accepted 

then 
#pico login.txt 
or nano or your other favorite text editor to read

 

 Check the RHEL repos, but useful cmds include:

 
#lshw
#lspci
#dmidecode
#cat /var/log/dmesg (might be boot.msg or similar)
DMI 2.3 present.
Using APIC driver default
ACPI: RSDP (v002 IBM                                   ) @ 0x000fdfb0
ACPI: XSDT (v001 IBM    SERONYXP 0x00001001 IBM  0x45444f43) @ 0xd7fcff00
ACPI: FADT (v002 IBM    SERONYXP 0x00001001 IBM  0x45444f43) @ 0xd7fcfe40
ACPI: MADT (v001 IBM    SERONYXP 0x00001001 IBM  0x45444f43) @ 0xd7fcfd80
ACPI: MCFG (v001 IBM    SERONYXP 0x00001001 IBM  0x45444f43) @ 0xd7fcfd40
ACPI: SSDT (v002 IBM    YETA0    0x00001000 INTL 0x20041203) @ 0xd7fcfa40
ACPI: DSDT (v002 IBM    SERTURQU 0x00001000 INTL 0x20041203) @ 0x00000000
ACPI: PM-Timer IO Port: 0x588
ACPI: Local APIC address 0xfee00000
ACPI: LAPIC (acpi_id[0x00] lapic_id[0x00] enabled)
Processor #0 15:4 APIC version 20
ACPI: LAPIC (acpi_id[0x01] lapic_id[0x06] enabled)
Processor #6 15:4 APIC version 20
ACPI: LAPIC (acpi_id[0x02] lapic_id[0x01] enabled)
Processor #1 15:4 APIC version 20
ACPI: LAPIC (acpi_id[0x03] lapic_id[0x07] enabled)
Processor #7 15:4 APIC version 20
ACPI: LAPIC_NMI (acpi_id[0x00] dfl dfl lint[0x1])
ACPI: LAPIC_NMI (acpi_id[0x01] dfl dfl lint[0x1])
ACPI: LAPIC_NMI (acpi_id[0x02] dfl dfl lint[0x1])
ACPI: LAPIC_NMI (acpi_id[0x03] dfl dfl lint[0x1])
ACPI: IOAPIC (id[0x0e] address[0xfec00000] gsi_base[0])
IOAPIC[0]: apic_id 14, version 32, address 0xfec00000, GSI 0-23
ACPI: IOAPIC (id[0x0d] address[0xfec84000] gsi_base[24])
IOAPIC[1]: apic_id 13, version 32, address 0xfec84000, GSI 24-47
ACPI: IOAPIC (id[0x0c] address[0xfec84400] gsi_base[48])
IOAPIC[2]: apic_id 12, version 32, address 0xfec84400, GSI 48-71
ACPI: IOAPIC (id[0x0b] address[0xfec80000] gsi_base[72])
IOAPIC[3]: apic_id 11, version 32, address 0xfec80000, GSI 72-95
ACPI: IOAPIC (id[0x0a] address[0xfec80400] gsi_base[96])
IOAPIC[4]: apic_id 10, version 32, address 0xfec80400, GSI 96-119
ACPI: INT_SRC_OVR (bus 0 bus_irq 0 global_irq 2 dfl dfl)
ACPI: INT_SRC_OVR (bus 0 bus_irq 9 global_irq 9 high level)
ACPI: IRQ0 used by override.
ACPI: IRQ2 used by override.
ACPI: IRQ9 used by override.
Enabling APIC mode:  Flat.  Using 5 I/O APICs
Using ACPI (MADT) for SMP configuration information
Allocating PCI resources starting at dc000000 (gap: d8000000:26c00000)
Detected 3000.370 MHz processor.
Built 1 zonelists.  Total pages: 1048576
Kernel command line: ro root=LABEL=/
mapped APIC to ffffd000 (fee00000)
mapped IOAPIC to ffffc000 (fec00000)
mapped IOAPIC to ffffb000 (fec84000)
mapped IOAPIC to ffffa000 (fec84400)
mapped IOAPIC to ffff9000 (fec80000)
mapped IOAPIC to ffff8000 (fec80400)
Enabling fast FPU save and restore... done.
Enabling unmasked SIMD FPU exception support... done.
Initializing CPU#0
 
 

 1. Redhat Linux release is now know as Redhat Enterprise Linux and is fully supported by Redhat and its release started with version 1. Whereas 
Fedora is a Redhat unsupported release.
2) Redhat Enterprise Linux is a tested version and are extracted from fedora. Whereas fedora is a testing bed where all are allowed to put their codes, knowledge, etc to develop, which if good is put in fedora.
3) Redhat costs you, whereas Fedora is free.
4) There is certification on RHEL Whereas on fedora there is no certification

 

 lspci is a great utility for listing the system hardware. (Anything on the PCI bus, anyway.)

cat /proc/cpuinfo - Displays CPU info

cat /proc/meminfo - Displays memory info

dmesg (or cat /var/log/dmesg) contains some info, not necessarily everything.

If you have a RedHat/CentOS system, you can use sosreport to collect a good bit of information, though I don't know if it has all the hardware info listed in it.